Insights on Anthropology
William S. Stoertz
August 27, 1998
Moscow, Russia

     As we all know well, when members asked Father when 
Adam and Eve, the first human beings lived, Father has 
many times said "25 million years ago". Even when 
questioned about that, if he had perhaps meant 2.5 million 
years ago, Father reemphasized his original figure.
     At the same time, if we examine the latest 
anthropological findings, we see that they are homing in on 
a figure of 3.5 mya for the first hominids. Here is, in fact, a 
timeline of the sequence of events in this line:

= = = = = = = = = = = = =
Tertiary period: 65-1.64 mya: Paleocene, Eocene, 
Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene epochs. Mammals took 
over from the dinosaurs. Continents took on present 
positions.

Paleocene epoch: 65-56.5 mya: Mammals spread rapidly. 
Flying mammals replaced flying reptiles, swimming 
mammals replaced swimming reptiles.
60 mya -- Rats, mice, squirrels have evolved.
60 mya -- Herons, storks have evolved.

Eocene epoch: 56.5-35.5 mya -- Early forms of mammals 
developing.
55 mya -- Rabbits and hares have evolved.
50 mya -- Primitive monkeys have evolved.

Oligocene epoch: 35.5-23.5 mya: Modern mammals. Deer, 
cats, foxes, bears, dogs.
30 mya -- First old world monkey fossils. Fayum, Egypt.
28 mya -- Koalas have evolved.
25 mya -- God created Adam and Eve, the first human 
beings, as His children. But they disobeyed God's 
commandment not to engage in sexual relationship before 
their maturity, thus falling and becoming "the worst 
animals". (True Father, Oct. 31, 1997 et al.) [Note: Father 
has several times, upon questioning, reaffirmed that he 
means 25 million and not 2.5 mya.]

Miocene epoch: 23.5-5.2 mya: Grasslands, hoofed 
mammals spread.
20 mya -- Parrots and pigeons have evolved.
20 mya -- Early ape fossils, Dryopithecinae. Europe, India, 
East Africa.
20-12 mya -- The chimpanzee and hominid lines evolve.
10-4 mya -- Ramapithecus exist.
6 mya -- Major climate change dried out the primeval forests 
in Africa, forcing primates to forage in the open country.

Pliocene epoch: 5.2-1.64 mya: Earliest hominid 
Australopithecus emerged in Africa.
4.4 mya -- Oldest hominid, Ardipithecus ramidus, 
discovered in Ethiopia.
4.2 million to 1.4 mya -- Australopithecus genus.
at least 4.15 mya -- Humans and chimps diverged. 55 
differences between human and chimpanzee mitochondrial 
DNA, 27 between human and Neanderthal, and an average 
of 8 differences among contemporary humans.
4.1 mya [4.2m to 3.9m] -- Early hominids, Australopithecus 
anamensis, found at Kanapoi and Allia Bay, northern Kenya 
by Meave Leakey.
3.6 mya -- Fully bipedal primate footprints left in wet 
volcanic ash on Tanzania's Laetoli plain, discovered by 
Mary Leakey's team of paleoanthropologists in 1978.
3.5-3 mya [3m to 2.3m] -- Australopithecus africanus 
("Little Foot"), discovered at Sterkfontein, South Africa, 
with a humanlike ankle but an apelike grasping big toe; 
more bowlegged, apelike gait than Lucy.
3.18 mya [3.9m to 3m] -- Australopithecus afarensis 
("Lucy") unearthed in Hadar. Primitive ancestor of modern 
humans.

2.6 mya -- Earliest known stone tools, older than any Homo 
fossils, found at Gona, Ethiopia.
2.6 to 1.0 mya -- Australopithecus boisei, incl. A. 
aethiopicus.
2.5 mya -- Bible indicates Adam and Eve lived 6,000 years 
ago. Father in Belvedere about 1990 said "25 million years 
ago", possibly meaning 2.5 mya.
2.5 to 1.6 mya -- Homo habilis, from Olduvai Gorge and 
Lake Turkana, Kenya.
2.4 mya -- First Homo genus found at Uraha, Malawi; and 
at Lake Baringo, Kenya.
2.33 mya -- Oldest Homo fossil found together with stone 
tools in Hadar, Ethiopia in 1994 by Donald Johanson and 
Bill Kimbel.
2.0 to 1.2 mya -- Homo robustus, from Swartkrans, South 
Africa.
ca. 1.9 mya -- Three branches of Homo line: Homo habilis, 
Homo rudolfensis, and Homo erectus (leading to Homo 
sapiens, modern man).
1.8 to 0.4 mya -- Homo erectus.
ca. 1.8 million to 100,000 years ago -- Homo ergaster.
1.7 mya -- End of Tertiary, beginning of Quaternary.
1.64 mya -- End of Tertiary, beginning of Quaternary 
period.

Quaternary period: 1.64 mya to present. Includes 
Pleistocene and Holocene epochs.

Pleistocene epoch: 1.64 mya to 10,000 years ago.
ca. 1.4 mya -- Extinction of last Australopithecus line.
1 mya -- First evidence of controlled fire.
770,000 to 100,000 years ago -- Archaic Homo sapiens, 
including Homo heidelbergensis.
690,000 to 550,000 years ago -- Neanderthals split off from 
ancestors of modern humans and never reconciled. 
Determined from DNA of mitochondrion from fossil arm 
bone.
ca. 330,000 years ago -- Earliest evidence of shelters.
ca. 300,000 years ago -- Primitive humans lived in northern 
Siberia. Handmade stone tools found above Lena River near 
Yakutsk.
ca. 300,000 to 150,000 years ago -- "Mitochondrial Eve", 
the common woman ancestor who passed her mitochondria 
down to all living human beings. Determined by molecular-
clock estimates of mitochondrial DNA.
230,000 to 27,000 years ago -- Neanderthal man.
180,000 years ago -- Ancestors of Neanderthalers and 
Homo sapiens, with advanced hand-axes.

125,000 years ago -- Earliest evidence of Homo sapiens 
(modern humans) in Africa.
100,000 years ago -- Anatomically modern Homo sapiens.
100,000 years ago -- Earliest known burials.
100,000 to 35,000 years ago -- Neanderthal man, nearly 
identical to today's Homo sapiens, except for linebacker 
build, lack of chin, and protruding brows. Found from 
Europe to Central Asia. Buried their dead with care, looked 
after sick and lame. Did not mingle nor interbreed with Cro-
Magnons.

ca. 60,000 years ago-(?) -- Cro-Magnon man. Direct 
ancestors of modern man.
60,000 years ago -- Earliest firm evidence of humans in 
Australia.
40,000 to 10,000 years ago -- Most recent Ice Age.
39,000 years ago -- Earliest evidence of modern humans in 
Europe.
ca. 30,000-15,000 B.C. -- Migration of American Indians 
from around Lake Baikal across Alaska land bridge.
31,000 years ago -- Earliest known cave paintings.
27,000 years ago -- Last Neanderthals die out.

22,000 years ago -- Finno-Ugaric hunters lived in small 
settlements of 10-15 people around Moscow, hunting 
woolly mammoths.
22,000 years ago -- Australian aboriginal tools and rock 
carvings at Jimnium in Northern Territory. Previously 
wrongly dated at 116-176,000 years old. Dr. Richard 
Roberts dated at 10-22,000 years using thermoluminescence 
of sand grains and carbon-14.
20,000 years ago -- Altamira cave and Chauvet cave 
paintings.
17,000 years ago -- Lascaux cave paintings.
ca. 15,000 B.C. -- First settlements at Jericho.
12,500 years ago -- Archaeological evidence of American 
Indians at Monte Verde, near Chilean village of Pelluco. 
Charcoal, tent stakes, mastodon tusks, stone flakes, wood 
lance, fire drill board. Carbon-14 dating ±250 years, ranging 
from 13,565 to 11,920 years from different sites.
12,000 years ago -- Earliest evidence of humans in 
Americas.
ca. 10,000 B.C. -- Undisputed evidence of humans living in 
Americas, but migration to the new world could have started 
much earlier.
12,000 years ago -- Homo sapiens have domesticated dogs 
in Kirkuk, Iraq.
ca. 9000 B.C. -- Komsa culture on northern Scandinavian 
coast during the last Ice Age, related to Lapps, Komis, and 
Siberian tribes.
9,000-8,000 B.C. -- One of the most ancient farming 
villages in the world, uncovered by Iraqi archaeologists 
since 1991 in Kurdistan. Village of houses of dried bricks.
10,000 years ago -- First permanent human settlements.
10,000 years ago -- Most recent ice age ends.

Holocene epoch: 10,000 years ago to present. Climate 
warmed, humans developed significantly.
ca. 8,000 B.C. -- People learn to use fire to cast copper and 
harden pottery.
ca. 7,000 B.C. -- Origin of Indo-European race and 
languages from Punjab or Afghanistan. "Japheth".
ca. 7,000 B.C. -- "Cheddar Man" from southwest England. 
Britons appear to come from a race of hunter-gatherers who 
later turned to farming. Mitochondrial DNA extracted from 
a molar tooth compared with living British volunteers.
ca. 9,000 ago -- Remains of Western European Caucasoid 
man found 1990 in riverbed near Kennewick, Washington.
ca. 5,400 B.C. -- Many farming villages in lower 
Tigris/Euphrates Valley.
October 23, 4004 B.C. -- Creation date reckoned by James 
Ussher, Anglican Primate of All Ireland, in 17th century.
= = = = = = = = = = = = =

     So, with information like that above, people have 
variously placed the first human beings at 3.5 mya (with the 
Australopithecus), 2.6 mya (the first stone tools), 1.8 mya 
(Homo erectus), 1 mya (the first use of fire discovered), 
800,000 years ago (archaic Homo sapiens, including the 
ancestors of the Neanderthals), 100,000 years ago (the first 
burials, and other evidence of culture), or even 50,000 years 
ago. Yet Father, in contrast to all the known evidence, said 
"25 million years ago". At that time, monkeys had just 
appeared, and horses and chimpanzees did not appear until 
later! Reasonably, considering what is known scientifically, 
it would rather seem that Father meant "2.5 million years 
ago". Since Korean language counts based on the number 
10,000 rather than 1,000 as with Western systems, such a 
difference is understandable.

     So when I was praying about this, I asked, "What do 
You make of that, Heavenly Father?" and I received the 
answer, "He said that to challenge you, and to challenge the 
secular humanists."

     I think there are three or four major reasons why Father 
has given this date of 25 mya, which seems unreasonably 
long ago:
     1. To challenge us to think more deeply, and to think 
further back, as when Father gives us a goal which is higher 
than our realistic thinking.
     2. In order not to be dominated by the secular humanists, 
who would gloat if they thought their opinion was upheld, 
and whose materialistic thinking is completely unacceptable 
to Heaven.
     3. To emphasize how much Heavenly Father was 
longing to create His son and daughter as early as possible, 
since a long time ago; and in His mind He was looking for 
how to establish the true human beings. God commenced 
the providential period to establish Adam and Eve, the first 
true human beings, since as long as 25 million years ago, 
even if He did not at once do so on this earth.
     4. To emphasize how long God has been suffering in 
heartache and agony since the Fall -- that this was not just 
6,000 years, nor even a million years, if we would think that 
were small, but much longer.

     Finally, last night in praying, I again sought answers to 
this question. I strived to open up my spiritual senses to 
sense what kind of quality of spirit or being the various 
hominids possessed. Then when I meditated on the 
Ramepithecus (10-4 mya), I felt that they had a clean, 
straight, white spiritual essence or quality. On the other 
hand, I felt the Australopithecus (5.2-1.4 mya) were dirty, 
grey or brown, and brutish in spirit. In this way, if we 
would place the creation of Adam and Eve as the first 
human beings at the end of a prepared line of hominids, and, 
having fallen, at the beginning of a subsequent line of 
"cavemen", we could say that the prepared line was the 
Ramepithecus, and that their fallen descendants were the 
Australopithecus, from whom later emerged the 
Neanderthals, Cro-Magnons, and modern humans. In this 
way, we could place Adam and Eve at between 5 and 4 
million years ago, begging the forgiveness of True Father. 
Thus, we can see a series of resurrection of the physical and 
mental state of the fallen successors of Adam and Eve, as 
evidenced in the fossil record.
     Father said, "After Adam and Eve fell, they and their 
descendants became the worst animals." Thus, there was as 
it were a process of re-creation of the human race, where, in 
fact, the later hominids were actually the fallen descendants 
of Adam and Eve. Consequently, the process of resurrection 
went as follows:

     5-4 mya -- Adam and Eve, who fell.
     4.2-1.64 mya -- Australopithecus.
     2.5-1.6 mya -- Homo habilis.
     1.8-0.4 mya -- Homo erectus.
     770,000 yrs ago -- Archaic Homo sapiens.
     690,000-550,000 -- Ancestors of Neanderthals split 
from our ancestors.
     ca. 230,000-27,000 -- Neanderthals (Homo sapiens 
neanderthalensis).
     ca. 60,000 yrs ago -- Cro-Magnon man, our direct 
ancestors.
     40,000-10,000 yrs ago -- Most recent ice age.
     10,000 yrs ago -- Beginning of our phase of civilization.

William Stoertz, ITPN, 1998.8.27.